Etuliitteet ja jälkiliitteet: sanasto kasvuun (un-, dis-, -ness, -tion)

Englannin sanasto kasvaa nopeimmin, kun ymmärrät sananmuodostuksen logiikan. Happy ja unhappy. Happy ja happiness. Happiness ja unhappiness. Yksi tunnettu juuri tuottaa neljä sanaa.

Kieltävät etuliitteet

un-: unfair, unhappy, unusual, unable, unknown. The decision was unfair to many workers.
in-: incorrect, invisible, inactive, independent, informal. Her first answer was incorrect.
im- (p, b, m -alkuisten edessä): impossible, impatient, immature. It is impossible to please everyone.
ir- (r-alkuisten edessä): irregular, irresponsible, irrelevant. His behaviour was completely irresponsible.
il- (l-alkuisten edessä): illegal, illogical, illiterate. Driving without a licence is illegal.
dis-: disagree, disappear, dishonest, disapprove, disadvantage. I disagree with the main argument.
mis- (väärin): misunderstand, mislead, misuse, miscalculate. I think you misunderstood my point.
non-: non-stop, non-fiction, non-smoker, non-profit. The charity is a non-profit organisation.

Suuruutta, suuntaa ja toistoa

re- (uudelleen): rewrite, return, rebuild, reconsider. Please reconsider your decision.
pre- (ennen): prepare, prehistoric, preview, predict. It is hard to predict the weather a week ahead.
over- (yli, liikaa): overestimate, overcome, overweight, overcrowded. People often overestimate how much they can do in a week.
under- (ali, liian vähän): underestimate, underline, underprivileged, underdeveloped. Do not underestimate the difficulty of the exam.
super- (yli, super-): superhuman, supernatural, supermarket. The novel deals with supernatural events.
multi- (moni-): multicultural, multimedia, multilingual. Finland is becoming a multicultural society.
anti- (vastaan): antibiotic, anti-social, antibody. The doctor prescribed an antibiotic.
co- (yhdessä): cooperate, coexist, co-author. The two countries need to cooperate on trade.

Substantiiveja muodostavat jälkiliitteet

-tion / -sion (toiminta tai lopputulos): education, decision, solution, conclusion, discussion. Education is the foundation of progress.
-ment (toiminta tai lopputulos): development, agreement, government, achievement, environment. The two parties signed a new agreement.
-ness (ominaisuus): happiness, kindness, weakness, illness, awareness. Money cannot buy happiness.
-ity / -ty (ominaisuus): ability, safety, equality, reality, possibility. Safety is the company's top priority.
-ship (suhde tai asema): friendship, leadership, relationship, citizenship. The new manager showed strong leadership.
-ist (tekijä): artist, scientist, journalist, optimist, tourist. The journalist asked several sharp questions.
-er / -or (tekijä): teacher, writer, actor, director, employer. My grandfather was a teacher for forty years.

Adjektiiveja muodostavat jälkiliitteet

-ful (täynnä jotain): helpful, beautiful, useful, harmful, careful. The instructions were very helpful.
-less (vailla): useless, hopeless, careless, harmless, endless. Without practice, the lessons are useless.
-able / -ible (jonkin tekevä): comfortable, possible, reliable, visible, valuable. The chairs were not very comfortable.
-ive (taipumus jhk): creative, active, effective, attractive, sensitive. The new policy proved highly effective.
-ous (omaava): famous, dangerous, ambitious, anxious, conscious. Skiing on thin ice is dangerous.
-al (liittyvä jhk): natural, cultural, political, traditional, personal. The festival celebrates traditional Finnish music.

Verbejä muodostavat jälkiliitteet

-ise / -ize (tehdä jksk): realise, organise, recognise, criticise, modernise. The school plans to modernise its facilities. (brittienglannissa -ise, amerikenenglannissa -ize)
-en (tehdä jksk): shorten, weaken, strengthen, widen, brighten. Regular exercise will strengthen your back.
-ify (muuttaa jksk): simplify, identify, classify, justify, modify. We need to simplify the application form.

Yleisimmät virheet suomalaisille

Väärä kieltävä etuliite: Sanalle on yleensä yksi vakiintunut kieltävä etuliite. Älä keksi omaa.
Väärin: unlegal, unpossible, unrelevant.
Oikein: illegal, impossible, irrelevant.

-ness vs -ity: Älä yhdistä päätteitä, ja huomaa että y vaihtuu i:ksi sanassa happiness.
Väärin: happyness, freedomness, agreementness.
Oikein: happiness, freedom, agreement.

-ize vs -ise: Brittienglanti suosii -ise-päätettä (realise, organise, recognise), amerikenenglanti -ize. Pysy yhdessä kannassa läpi koko esseen.

Etuliite vs erillinen sana: Englanti suosii etuliiteyhdistelmää, ei kahta erillistä sanaa.
Väärin: The bus is non stop. The film is non fiction.
Oikein: The bus is non-stop. The film is non-fiction.

Lue myös: Englannin sanaston kasvattaminen ja False friends: petolliset sanaparit.